Oxidative reductive potential water solution and methods of using the same

ABSTRACT

Provided is an oxidative reduction potential (ORP) water solution that is stable for at least twenty-four hours and methods of using the solution. The present invention provides a method of preventing or treating a condition in a patient, which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the ORP water solution. Additionally provided is a method of treating impaired or damaged tissue, which method comprises contacting the tissue with a therapeutically effective amount of the ORP water solution. Further provided is a method of disinfecting a surface, which method comprises contacting the surface with an anti-infective amount of the ORP water solution.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/862,092, filed on Jun. 4, 2004, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/533,583, filed on Dec. 30, 2003,all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to oxidative reductive potential water solutionsand methods of using such solutions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Oxidative reductive potential (ORP) water, also known as super-oxidizedwater (SWO), can be used as a non-toxic disinfectant to eradicatemicroorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and spores, in variety ofsettings. For example, ORP water may be applied in the healthcare andmedical device fields to disinfect surfaces and medical equipment.Advantageously, ORP water is environmentally safe and, thus, avoids theneed for costly disposal procedures. ORP water also has application inwound care, medical device sterilization, food sterilization, hospitals,consumer households and anti-bioterrorism.

Although ORP water is an effective disinfectant, it has an extremelylimited shelf-life, usually only a few hours. As a result of this shortlifespan, the production of ORP water must take place in close proximityto where ORP water is to be used as a disinfectant. This means that ahealthcare facility, such as a hospital, must purchase, house andmaintain the equipment necessary to produce ORP water. Additionally,prior manufacturing techniques have not been able to produce sufficientcommercial-scale quantities of ORP water to permit its widespread use asa disinfectant at healthcare facilities.

Accordingly, a need exists for an ORP water that is stable over anextended period of time and methods of using such an ORP water. A needalso exists for cost-effective methods of preparing commercial-scalequantities of ORP water. The present invention provides such an ORPwater and methods of preparing and using such an ORP water. These andother advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventivefeatures, will be apparent from the description of the inventionprovided herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an oxidative reductive potential (ORP)water solution, wherein the solution is stable for at least twenty-fourhours, and methods of using such an ORP water solution. In oneembodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing ortreating a condition in a patient, which method comprises administeringto the patient a therapeutically effective amount of. The condition caninclude medical conditions such as, e.g., upper respiratory conditions,systemic infections, and the like.

The present invention additionally provides a method of treatingimpaired or damaged tissue, which method comprises contacting theimpaired or damaged tissue with a therapeutically effective amount of anORP water solution, wherein the solution is stable for at leasttwenty-four hours. The method includes treating tissue, which has beenimpaired or damaged by surgery or which has been impaired or damaged bycauses that are not necessarily relate to surgery, e.g., burns, cuts,abrasions, scrapes, rashes, ulcers, puncture wounds, infections, and thelike.

The present invention further provides a method of disinfecting asurface, which method comprises contacting the surface with ananti-infective amount of an ORP water solution, wherein the solution isstable for at least twenty-four hours. The surface can be biological,inanimate, or a combination of such surfaces can be disinfected inaccordance with the present invention. Biological surfaces include, e.g,muscle tissue, bone tissue, organ tissue, mucosal tissue, andcombinations thereof, can be disinfected in accordance with the presentinvention. Inanimate surfaces include, e.g., surgically implantabledevices, prosthetic devices, and medical devices.

The ORP water solution of the invention can be contained within a sealedcontainer and is stable for at least twenty-four hours. The ORP watersolution of the invention can comprise anode water and cathode water. Inone embodiment, the ORP water solution of the invention compriseshydrogen peroxide and one or more chlorine species. An apparatus andprocesses for producing the ORP water solution of the present inventionalso are provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a three-chambered electrolysis cell forproducing an oxidative reductive potential water solution of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a three-chambered electrolysis cell and depicts ionicspecies generated therein.

FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a process for producing anoxidative reductive potential water of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method of preventing or treating acondition in a patient, which method comprises administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of an oxidative reductivepotential (ORP) water solution, wherein the solution is stable for atleast twenty-four hours. The condition can include, e.g., medicalconditions, illnesses, injuries, allergies, and the like, which aretreatable with the ORP water solution of the present invention.

The therapeutically effective amount administered to the patient, e.g.,an animal, particularly a human, in the context of the present inventionshould be sufficient to effect a therapeutic or prophylactic response inthe patient over a reasonable time frame. The dose can be readilydetermined using methods that are well known in the art. One skilled inthe art will recognize that the specific dosage level for any particularpatient will depend upon a variety of factors. For example, the dose canbe determined based on the strength of the particular ORP water solutionemployed, the severity of the condition, the body weight of the patient,the age of the patient, the physical and mental condition of thepatient, general health, sex, diet, and the like. The size of the dosealso can be determined based on the existence, nature, and extent of anyadverse side effects that might accompany the administration of aparticular ORP water solution. It is desirable, whenever possible, tokeep adverse side effects to a minimum.

Factors, which can be taken into account for a specific dosage caninclude, for example, bioavailability, metabolic profile, time ofadministration, route of administration, rate of excretion,pharmacodynamics associated with a particular ORP water solution in aparticular patient, and the like. Other factors can include, e.g., thepotency or effectiveness of the ORP water solution with respect to theparticular condition to be treated, the severity of the symptomspresented prior to or during the course of therapy, and the like. Insome instances, what constitutes a therapeutically effective amount alsocan be determined, in part, by the use of one or more of the assays,e.g., bioassays, which are reasonably clinically predictive of theefficacy of a particular ORP water solution for the treatment orprevention of a particular condition.

The ORP water solution of the present invention can be administeredtherapeutically, alone or in combination with one or more othertherapeutic agents, to a patient, e.g., a human, e.g., to treat anexisting condition. The ORP water solution of the present invention alsocan be administered prophylactically, alone or in combination with oneor more other therapeutic agents, to a patient, e.g., a human, that hasbeen exposed to one or more causative agents associated with thecondition. For example, the ORP water solution of the invention can besuitably administered to a patient that has been exposed to one or moreinfection-causing microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria and/or fungi)prophylactically to inhibit or decrease the likelihood of infection in apatient, or decrease the severity of an infection that develops as aresult of such exposure.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that suitable methods ofadministering the ORP water solution of the present invention areavailable, and, although more than one route of administration can beused, a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effectivereaction than another route. The therapeutically effective amount can bethe dose necessary to achieve an “effective level” of the ORP watersolution in an individual patient. The therapeutically effective amountcan be defined, for example, as the amount required to be administeredto an individual patient to achieve a blood level, tissue level, and/orintracellular level of the ORP water of the present invention to preventor treat the condition in the patient.

When the effective level is used as a preferred endpoint for dosing, theactual dose and schedule can vary depending, for example, uponinterindividual differences in pharmacokinetics, distribution,metabolism, and the like. The effective level also can vary when the ORPwater solution of the present invention is used in combination with oneor more therapeutic agents other than the ORP water solution of thepresent invention, e.g., one or more anti-infective agents, one or more“moderating,” “modulating” or “neutralizing agents,” e.g., as describedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,383 and 5,622,848, one or more anti-inflammatoryagents, and the like.

An appropriate indicator can be used for determining and/or monitoringthe effective level. For example, the effective level can be determinedby direct analysis (e.g., analytical chemistry) or by indirect analysis(e.g., with clinical chemistry indicators) of appropriate patientsamples (e.g., blood and/or tissues). The effective level also can bedetermined, for example, by direct or indirect observations such as,e.g., the concentration of urinary metabolites, changes in markersassociated with the condition (e.g., viral count in the case of a viralinfection), decrease in the symptoms associated with the conditions, andthe like.

The ORP water of the present invention can be administered using anysuitable method of administration known in the art. The ORP water of thepresent invention can be administered in combination with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients,or diluents, which are known in the art. One skilled in the art caneasily determine the appropriate formulation and method ofadministration for administering the ORP water in accordance with thepresent invention. Any necessary adjustments in dose can be readily madeby a skilled practitioner to address the nature or severity of thecondition being treated in view of other factors, such as, e.g., sideeffects, changes in the patient's overall condition, and the like.

In one embodiment, the condition is an upper respiratory condition,which is treatable by the ORP water solution of the present invention.Any suitable method of administration can be employed for the treatmentor prevention of an upper respiratory condition in accordance with thepresent invention. Preferably, the ORP solution is administered to theupper airway, e.g., so as to contact one or more upper airway tissuesassociated with the upper respiratory condition. The ORP solution of thepresent invention can be administered to the upper airway as a steam ora spray. In addition, the ORP water solution of the present inventioncan be administered by aerosolization, nebulization or atomization. Whenthe ORP water solution of the invention is administered byaerosolization, nebulization or atomization, it is preferablyadministered in the form of droplets having a diameter in the range offrom about 1 micron to about 10 microns.

Methods and devices, which are useful for aerosolization, nebulizationand atomization, are well known in the art. Medical nebulizers, forexample, have been used to deliver a metered dose of a physiologicallyactive liquid into an inspiration gas stream for inhalation by arecipient. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,602. Medical nebulizers canoperate to generate liquid droplets, which form an aerosol with theinspiration gas. In other circumstances medical nebulizers may be usedto inject water droplets into an inspiration gas stream to provide gaswith a suitable moisture content to a recipient, which is particularlyuseful where the inspiration gas stream is provided by a mechanicalbreathing aid such as a respirator, ventilator or anaesthetic deliverysystem.

An exemplary nebulizer is described, for example, in WO 95/01137, whichdescribes a hand held device that operates to eject droplets of amedical liquid into a passing air stream (inspiration gas stream), whichis generated by a recipient's inhalation through a mouthpiece. Anotherexample can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,388,571, which describes apositive-pressure ventilator system which provides control andaugmentation of breathing for a patient with respiratory insufficiencyand which includes a nebulizer for delivering particles of liquidmedication into the airways and alveoli of the lungs of a patient. U.S.Pat. No. 5,312,281 describes an ultrasonic wave nebulizer, whichatomizes water or liquid at low temperature and reportedly can adjustthe size of mist. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,847 describes apneumatic nebulizing apparatus with scalable flow rates and outputvolumes for delivering a medicinal aerosol to neonates, children andadults. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,922 describes an ultrasonicatomizer.

The method of the present invention can be used for preventing ortreating an upper respiratory condition, which affects one or more upperrespiratory airway tissues, particularly nasal tissue, sinus tissue, andlung tissue. Such upper respiratory conditions can include, for example,a sinusitis (e.g., a rhinosinusitis, an acute sinusitis, a chronicsinusitis, and the like), a pharyngitis, an asthma, and the like, whichare preventable or treatable with the ORP solution of the presentinvention.

Chronic sinusitis typically refers to inflammation of the sinuses thatcontinues for at least 3 weeks, but often continues for months or evenyears. Allergies are frequently associated with chronic sinusitis. Inaddition, patients with asthma have a particularly high frequency ofchronic sinusitis. Inhalation of airborne allergens (substances thatprovoke an allergic reaction), such as dust, mold, and pollen, often setoff allergic reactions (allergic rhinitis) that, in turn, may contributeto sinusitis. People who are allergic to fungi can develop a conditioncalled “allergic fungal sinusitis.” Damp weather or pollutants in theair and in buildings also can affect people subject to chronicsinusitis.

Like acute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis is more common in patients withimmune deficiency or abnormalities of mucus secretion or movement (e.g.,immune deficiency, HIV infection, cystic fibrosis, Kartagener'ssyndrome). In addition, some patients have severe asthma, nasal polyps,and severe asthmatic responses to aspirin and aspirin-like medications(so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs). Theselatter patients have a high frequency of chronic sinusitis.

A doctor can diagnose sinusitis by medical history, physicalexamination, X-rays, and if necessary, MRIs or CT scans (magneticresonance imaging and computed tomography). After diagnosing sinusitisand identifying a possible cause, a doctor can prescribe a course oftreatment that will reduce the inflammation and relieve the symptoms.Treating acute sinusitis typically requires re-establishing drainage ofthe nasal passages, controlling or eliminating the source of theinflammation, and relieving the pain. Doctors generally recommenddecongestants to reduce the congestion, antibiotics to control abacterial infection, if present, and pain relievers to reduce the pain.

When treatment with drugs fails, surgery may be the only alternative fortreating chronic sinusitis, e.g., removal of adenoids, removal of nasalpolyps, repair of a deviated septum, endoscopic sinus surgery, and thelike. It is believed that the administration of ORP water in accordancewith the method of the present invention can be used for treatingchronic sinusitis as an alternative to potentially avoid more aggressivetherapies, such as antibiotics and surgery.

With regard to pharyngitis, it is estimated that worldwide, 1 to 2% ofall visits to doctors' offices, clinics and emergency rooms are becauseof pharyngitis. In the United States and Mexico, pharyngitis/tonsillitisaccounts for a reported 15 and 12 million consultations per year,respectively. It has been established that these cases are caused byvarious bacteria and viruses. On the one hand we know that pharyngitisand tonsillitis caused by group A β-hemolytic Streptococcussignificantly raise the risk of rheumatic fever in poor populations. Onthe other hand, it is believed that only 5 to 15% of pharyngitis casesare caused by this bacterium, and that the rest of the acute cases aredue to bacteria and viruses of little epidemiological relevance. Thelatter cases tend to be self-limiting in a few days and do not leavesequelae.

It has been verified that a great number of doctors worldwide prescribeantibiotics indiscriminately for acute pharyngitis. This occurs in adaily practice, often because patients tend to request powerfulantibiotics. Unfortunately, it is difficult to establish an accuratediagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis clinically and thecost/benefit ratio of treating acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis withantibiotics is questionable. In some countries, such as Mexico, thewaste of government resources to cover the cost of antibiotics, inaddition to working days missed, represent a significant loss withrespect to the national budget.

It is believed that the administration of ORP water in accordance withthe method of the present invention can be useful for the adjuvanttreatment of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis. The empirical treatment ofacute pharyngitis/tonsillitis may begin with administering an ORP watersolution in accordance with the present invention, and, depending onevolution or the result of the rapid test for Streptococcus, antibioticsmay be initiated from 48-72 hours thereafter only if needed. The methodof the present invention may thus allow the use of antibiotics to bedeferred, and, at the same time, reduce the symptomatology of thepatient and accelerate the patient's recovery if thepharyngitis/tonsillitis is not from group A Streptococcus. The adjuvantuse of an ORP water solution of the present invention with antibioticsfor the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis also mayshorten the period of clinical response and decrease the incidence ofrecurrences.

The method of the present invention also can be used for the preventionor treatment of an infection, which is treatable with the ORP watersolution of the present invention. The infection can be caused by one ormore infectious pathogens such as, for example, infectiousmicroorganisms. Such microorganisms can include, for example, viruses,bacteria, and fungi. The viruses can include, e.g., one or more virusesselected from the group consisting of adenoviruses, HIV, rhinoviruses,and flu viruses. The bacteria can include, e.g., one or more bacteriaselected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobaterium tuberculosis. Thefungi can include, e.g., one or more fungi selected from the groupconsisting of Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillusathrophaeus. The method of the present invention also can be used forthe prevention or treatment of inflammatory conditions or allergicreactions, which are treatable with the ORP water solution of theinvention.

In another embodiment, the method of the present invention comprisesparenterally administering the ORP water solution of the invention.Parenteral administration can include administering the ORP watersolution of the invention intravenously, subcutaneously,intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally. In a preferred embodiment, theORP water solution of the present invention is administeredintravenously to prevent or treat a condition in accordance with themethod of the present invention. Suitable conditions can include, e.g.,viral myocarditis, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,334,383 and 5,622,848, which describe methods of treating viralmyocarditis, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS via intravenous administrationof ORP water solutions.

The present invention additionally provides a method of treatingimpaired or damaged tissue, which method comprises contacting theimpaired or damaged tissue with a therapeutically effective amount ofthe ORP water solution of the present invention. Any suitable method canbe used for contacting the impaired or damaged tissue, so as to treatthe impaired or damaged tissue in accordance with the present invention.For example, the impaired or damaged tissue can be treated in accordancewith the invention by irrigating the tissue with the ORP water solutionof the invention, so as to contact the impaired or damaged tissue withthe ORP water. Alternatively (and additionally), the ORP water solutionof the present invention can be administered as a steam or a spray, orby aerosolization, nebulization or atomization, as described herein, soas to contact the impaired or damaged tissue with the ORP water.

The method of the present invention can be used in the treatment oftissues, which have been impaired or damaged, e.g., by surgery. Forinstance, the method of the present invention can be used for treatingtissues, which have been impaired or damaged by an incision. Inaddition, the method of the present invention can be used for treatingtissues, which have been impaired or damaged by oral surgery, graftsurgery, implant surgery, transplant surgery, cauterization, amputation,radiation, chemotherapy, and combinations thereof. The oral surgery caninclude, for example, dental surgery such as, e.g., root canal surgery,tooth extraction, gum surgery, and the like.

The method of the present invention also includes treating tissues,which have been impaired or damaged by one or more burns, cuts,abrasions, scrapes, rashes, ulcers, puncture wounds, combinationsthereof, and the like, which are not necessarily caused by surgery. Themethod of the present invention also can be used for treating impairedor damaged tissue, which is infected, or tissue impaired or damaged dueto infection. Such infection can be caused by one or more infectiouspathogens, such as, e.g., one or more microorganisms selected from thegroup consisting of viruses, bacteria, and fingi, as described herein.

The present invention further provides a method of disinfecting asurface, which method comprises contacting the surface with ananti-infective amount of the ORP water solution of the presentinvention. In accordance with the method of the present invention, thesurface can be contacted using any suitable method. For example, thesurface can be contacted by irrigating the surface with the ORP watersolution of the invention, so as to disinfect the surface in accordancewith the invention. Additionally, the surface can be contacted byapplying the ORP water solution of the present invention to the surfaceas a steam or a spray, or by aerosolization, nebulization oratomization, as described herein, so as to disinfect the surface inaccordance with the invention. Further, the ORP water solution of thepresent invention can be applied to the surface with a cleaning wipe, asdescribed herein. By disinfecting a surface in accordance with thepresent invention, the surface may be cleansed of infectiousmicroorganisms. Alternatively (or additionally), the ORP water solutionof the present invention can be applied to the surface to provide abarrier to infection, thereby disinfecting a surface in accordance withthe present invention.

The method of the present invention can be used for disinfecting asurface, which is biological, inanimate, or a combination thereof.Biological surfaces can include, for example, tissues within one or morebody cavities such as, for example, the oral cavity, the sinus cavity,the cranial cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the thoracic cavity.Tissues within the oral cavity include, e.g., mouth tissue, gum tissue,tongue tissue, and throat tissue. The biological tissue also can includemuscle tissue, bone tissue, organ tissue, mucosal tissue, andcombinations thereof. Inanimate surfaces include, for example,surgically implantable devices, prosthetic devices, and medical devices.In accordance with the method of the present invention, the surfaces ofinternal organs, viscera, muscle, and the like, which may be exposedduring surgery, can be disinfected, e.g., to maintain sterility of thesurgical environment.

The ORP water of the present invention is produced by anoxidation-reduction process, which can be referred to as an electrolyticor redox reaction, in which electrical energy is used to producechemical change in an aqueous solution. Electrical energy is introducedinto and transported through water by the conduction of electricalcharge from one point to another in the form of an electrical current.In order for the electrical current to arise and subsist there must becharge carriers in the water, and there must be a force that makes thecarriers move. The charge carriers can be electrons, as in the case ofmetal and semiconductors, or they can be positive and negative ions inthe case of solutions.

A reduction reaction occurs at the cathode while an oxidation reactionoccurs at the anode in the process for preparing an ORP water solutionaccording to the invention. The specific reductive and oxidativereactions that occur are described in International Application WO03/048421 A1.

As used herein, water produced at an anode is referred to as anode waterand water produced at a cathode is referred to as cathode water. Anodewater contains oxidized species produced from the electrolytic reactionwhile cathode water contains reduced species from the reaction.

Anode water generally has a low pH typically of from about 1 to about6.8. Anode water generally contains chlorine in various forms including,for example, chlorine gas, chloride ions, hydrochloric acid and/orhypochlorous acid. Oxygen in various forms is also present including,for example, oxygen gas, peroxides, and/or ozone. Cathode watergenerally has a high pH typically of from about 7.2 to about 11. Cathodewater generally contains hydrogen gas, hydroxyl radicals, and/or sodiumions.

The ORP water solution of the invention may be acidic, neutral or basic,and generally has a pH of from about 1 to about 14. At this pH, the ORPwater solution can safely be applied in suitable quantities to hardsurfaces without damaging the surfaces or harming objects, such as humanskin, that comes into contact with the ORP water solution. Typically,the pH of the ORP water solution is from about 3 to about 8. Morepreferably, the pH of the ORP water solution is from about 6.4 to about7.8, and most preferably, the pH is from about 7.4 to about 7.6.

The ORP water solution of the present invention generally has anoxidation-reduction potential of between −1000 millivolts (mV) and +1150millivolts (mV). This potential is a measure of the tendency (i.e., thepotential) of a solution to either accept or transfer electrons that issensed by a metal electrode and compared with a reference electrode inthe same solution. This potential may be measured by standard techniquesincluding, for example, by measuring the electrical potential inmillivolts of the ORP water solution relative to standard referencesilver/silver chloride electrode. The ORP water generally has apotential between −400 mV and +1300 mV. Preferably, the ORP watersolution has a potential between 0 mV and +1250 mV, and more preferablybetween +500 mV and +1250 mV. Even more preferably, the ORP water of thepresent invention has a potential of between +800 mV and +1100 mV, andmost preferably between +800 mV and +1000 mV.

Various ionic and other species may be present in the ORP water solutionof the invention. For example, the ORP water solution may containchlorine (e.g., free chlorine and bound chlorine), ozone and peroxides(e.g., hydrogen peroxide). The presence of one or more of these speciesis believed to contribute to the disinfectant ability of the ORP watersolution to kill a variety of microorganisms, such as bacteria andfungi, as well as viruses.

Free chlorine typically includes, but is not limited to, hypochlorousacid (HClO), hypochlorite ions (ClO⁻), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),chloride ion (Cl⁻), chlorite ions (ClO₂ ⁻), chlorine dioxide (ClO₂),dissolved chlorine gas (Cl₂), and other radical chlorine species. Theratio of hypochlorous acid to hypochlorite ion is dependent upon pH. Ata pH of 7.4, hypochlorous acid levels are from about 25 ppm to about 75ppm. Temperature also impacts the ratio of the free chlorine component.

Bound chlorine is chlorine in chemical combination with ammonia ororganic amines (e.g., chloramines). Bound chlorine is generally presentin an amount up to about 20 ppm.

Chlorine, ozone and hydrogen peroxide may present in the ORP watersolution of the invention in any suitable amount. The levels of thesecomponents may be measured by methods known in the art.

Typically, the total chlorine content, which includes both free chlorineand bound chlorine, is from about 50 parts per million (ppm) to about200 ppm. Preferably, the total chlorine content is about 80 ppm to about150 ppm.

The chlorine content may be measured by methods known in the art, suchas the DPD colorimeter method (Lamotte Company, Chestertown, Md.) orother known methods established by the Environmental Protection Agency.In the DPD colorimeter method, a yellow color is formed by the reactionof free chlorine with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) and theintensity is measured with a calibrated calorimeter that provides theoutput in parts per million. Further addition of potassium iodide turnsthe solution a pink color to provide the total chlorine value. Theamount of bound chlorine present is then determined by subtracting freechlorine from the total chlorine.

Typically, chlorine dioxide is present in an amount of from about 0.01ppm to about 5 ppm, preferably from about 1.0 ppm to about 3.0 ppm, andmore preferably from about 1.0 ppm to about 1.5 ppm. Chlorine dioxidelevels may be measured using a modified DPD colorimeter test. Forms ofchlorine other than chlorine dioxide are removed by the addition of theamino acid glycine. Chlorine dioxide reacts directly with the DPDreagent to yield a pink color that is measured by a colorimeter machine.

Ozone is generally present in an amount of from about 0.03 ppm to about0.2 ppm, and preferably from about 0.10 ppm to about 0.16 ppm. Ozonelevels may be measured by known methods, such as by a colorimetricmethod as described in Bader and Hoigne, Water Research, 15, 449-456(1981).

Hydrogen peroxide levels in the ORP water solution are generally in therange of about 0.01 ppm to about 200 ppm, and preferably between about0.05 ppm and about 100 ppm. More preferably, hydrogen peroxide ispresent in an amount between about 0.1 ppm and about 40 ppm, and mostpreferably between about 1 ppm and 4 ppm. Peroxides (e.g., H₂O₂, H₂O₂ ⁻and HO₂ ⁻) are generally present in a concentration of less than 0.12milliMolar (mM).

The level of the hydrogen peroxide can be measured by electron spinresonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Alternatively, it can be measured by a DPDmethod as described in Bader and Hoigne, Water Research, 22, 1109-1115(1988) or any other suitable method known in the art.

The total amount of oxidizing chemical species present in the ORP watersolution is in the range of about 2 millimolar (mM) which includes theaforementioned chlorine species, oxygen species, and additional speciesthat may be difficult to measure such as Cl⁻, ClO₃, Cl⁻, and ClO_(x).The level of oxidizing chemical species present may also be measured byESR spectroscopy (using Tempone H as the spin trap molecule).

The ORP water solution of the invention is generally stable for at leasttwenty-hours, and typically at least two days. More typically, the watersolution is stable for at least one week (e.g., one week, two weeks,three weeks, four weeks, etc.), and preferably at least two months. Morepreferably, the ORP water solution is stable for at least six monthsafter its preparation. Even more preferably, the ORP water solution isstable for at least one year, and most preferably for at least threeyears.

As used herein, the term stable generally refers to the ability of theORP water solution remain suitable for its intended use, for example, indecontamination, disinfection, sterilization, anti-microbial cleansing,and wound cleansing, for a specified period of time after itspreparation under normal storage conditions (i.e., room temperature).

The ORP water solution of the invention is also stable when stored underaccelerated conditions, typically about 30° C. to about 60° C., for atleast 90 days, and preferably 180 days.

The concentrations of ionic and other species present solution aregenerally maintained during the shelf-life of the ORP water solution.Typically, the concentrations of free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozoneand hydrogen peroxides are maintained at about 70% or great from theirinitial concentration for at least two months after preparation of theORP water solution. Preferably, these concentrations are maintained atabout 80% or greater of their initial concentration for at least twomonths after preparation of the ORP water solution. More preferably,these concentrations are at about 90% or greater of their initialconcentration for at least two months after preparation of the ORP watersolution, and most preferably, about 95% or greater.

The stability of the ORP water solution of the invention may bedetermined based on the reduction in the amount of organisms present ina sample following exposure to the ORP water solution. The measurementof the reduction of organism concentration may be carried out using anysuitable organism including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, or viruses.Suitable organisms include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Bacillus athrophaeus(formerly B. subtilis). The ORP water solution is useful as both alow-level disinfectant capable of a four log (10⁴) reduction in theconcentration of live microorganisms and a high-level disinfectantcapable of a six log (10⁶) reduction in concentration of livemicroorganisms.

In one aspect of the invention, the ORP water solution is capable ofyielding at least a four log (10⁴) reduction in total organismconcentration following exposure for one minute, when measured at leasttwo months after preparation of the solution. Preferably, the ORP watersolution is capable of such a reduction of organism concentration whenmeasured at least six months after preparation of the solution. Morepreferably, the ORP water solution is capable of such a reduction oforganism concentration when measured at least one year after preparationof the ORP water solution, and most preferably when measured at leastthree years after preparation of the ORP water solution.

In another aspect of the invention, the ORP water solution is capable ofat least a six log (10⁶) reduction in the concentration of a sample oflive microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicanswithin one minute of exposure, when measured at least two months afterpreparation of the ORP water solution. Preferably, the ORP watersolution is capable of achieving this reduction of Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicansorganisms when measured at least six months after preparation, and morepreferably at least one year after preparation. Preferably, the ORPwater solution is capable of at least a seven log (10⁷) reduction in theconcentration of such live microorganism within one minute of exposure,when measured at least two months after preparation.

The ORP water solution of the invention is generally capable of reducinga sample of live microorganisms including, but not limited to,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus andCandida albicans, from an initial concentration of between about 1×10⁶and about 1×10⁸ organisms/ml to a final concentration of about zeroorganisms/ml within one minute of exposure, when measured at least twomonths after preparation of the ORP water solution. This is between asix log (10⁶) and eight log (10⁸) reduction in organism concentration.Preferably, the ORP water solution is capable of achieving thisreduction of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcusaureus or Candida albicans organisms when measured at least six monthsafter preparation, and more preferably at least one year afterpreparation.

Alternatively, the ORP water solution is capable of a six log (10⁶)reduction in the concentration of a spore suspension of Bacillusathrophaeus spores within about five minutes of exposure, when measuredat least two months after preparation of the ORP water solution.Preferably, the ORP water solution is capable of achieving thisreduction in the concentration of Bacillus athrophaeus spores whenmeasured at least six months after preparation, and more preferably atleast one year after preparation.

The ORP water solution is further capable of a four log (10⁴) reductionin the concentration of a spore suspension of Bacillus athrophaeusspores within about thirty (30) seconds of exposure, when measured atleast two months after preparation of the ORP water solution.Preferably, the ORP water solution is capable of achieving thisreduction in the concentration of Bacillus athrophaeus spores whenmeasured at least six months after preparation, and more preferably atleast one year after preparation.

The ORP water solution is also capable of a six log (10⁶) reduction inthe concentration of fungal spores, such as Aspergillis niger spores,within about five to about ten minutes of exposure, when measured atleast two months after preparation of the ORP water solution.Preferably, the ORP water solution is capable of achieving thisreduction in the concentration of fungal spores when measured at leastsix months after preparation, and more preferably at least one yearafter preparation.

In one embodiment, the ORP water solution of the invention compriseshydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and one or more chlorine species. Preferably,the chlorine species present is a free chlorine species. The freechlorine species may be selected from the group consisting ofhypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypochlorite ions (OCl⁻), sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl), chlorite ions (ClO₂ ⁻), chloride ion (Cl⁻), chlorine dioxide(ClO₂), dissolved chlorine gas (Cl₂), and mixtures thereof.

Hydrogen peroxide is present in the ORP water solution generally in therange of about 0.01 ppm to about 200 ppm, and preferably between about0.05 ppm and about 100 ppm. More preferably, hydrogen peroxide ispresent in an amount between about 0.1 ppm and about 40 ppm, and mostpreferably between about 1 ppm and 4 ppm.

The total amount of free chlorine species is generally between about 10ppm and about 400 ppm, preferably between about 50 ppm and about 200ppm, and most preferably between about 50 ppm and about 80 ppm. Theamount of hypochlorous acid is in the generally between about 15 ppm andabout 35 ppm. The amount of sodium hypochlorite is generally in therange of about 25 ppm and about 50 ppm. Chlorine dioxide levels aregenerally less than about 5 ppm.

The ORP water solution comprising hydrogen peroxide and one or morechlorine species is stable as described herein. Generally, the ORP watersolution is stable for at least one week. Preferably, the ORP watersolution is stable for at least two months, more preferably, the ORPwater solution is stable for at least six months after its preparation.Even more preferably, the ORP water solution is stable for at least oneyear, and most preferably for at least three years.

The pH of the ORP water solution in this embodiment is generally betweenabout 6 to about 8. Preferably, the pH of the ORP water solution isbetween about 6.2 and about 7.8, and most preferably between about 7.4and about 7.6. An exemplary ORP water solution of the present inventioncan comprise, e.g., from about 1 ppm to about 4 ppm hydrogen peroxide,from about 15 ppm to about 35 ppm hypochlorous acid, from about 25 ppmto about 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite, a pH of from about 6.2 to about7.8, and is stable for at least one week.

While in no way limiting the present invention, it is believed that thecontrol of pH permits a stable ORP water solution in which hydrogenperoxide and chlorine species, such as, by way of example, hypochlorousacid and hypochlorite ions, coexist.

Following its preparation, the ORP water solution of the invention maybe transferred to a sealed container for distribution and sale to endusers such as, for example, health care facilities including hospitals,nursing homes, doctor offices, outpatient surgical centers, dentaloffices, and the like. Any suitable sealed container may be used thatmaintains the sterility and stability of the ORP water solution held bythe container. The container may be constructed of any material that iscompatible with the ORP water solution. The container should begenerally non-reactive so that the ions present in the ORP watersolution do not react with the container to any appreciable extent.

Preferably, the container is constructed of plastic or glass. Theplastic may be rigid so that the container is capable of being stored ona shelf. Alternatively, plastic may be flexible, such as a flexible bag.

Suitable plastics include polypropylene, polyester terephthalate (PET),polyolefin, cycloolefin, polycarbonate, ABS resin, polyethylene,polyvinyl chloride, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the containercomprises polyethylene selected from the group consisting ofhigh-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), andlinear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Most preferably, the containeris high density polyethylene.

The container has an opening to permit dispensing of the ORP watersolution. The container opening may be sealed in any suitable manner.For example, the container may be sealed with a twist-off cap orstopper. Optionally, the opening may be further sealed with a foillayer.

The headspace gas of the sealed container may be air or other suitablegas that does not react with the ORP water solution. Suitable headspacegases included nitrogen, oxygen, and mixtures thereof.

The invention further provides an ORP water solution comprising anodewater and cathode water. Anode water is produced in the anode chamber ofthe electrolysis cell used in the present invention. Cathode water isproduced in the cathode chamber of the electrolysis cell.

Cathode water is generally present in the ORP water solution of thesolution in an amount of from about 10% by volume to about 90% by volumeof the solution. Preferably, cathode water is present in the ORP watersolution in an amount of from about 10% by volume to about 50% byvolume, more preferably of from about 20% by volume to about 40% byvolume of the solution, and most preferably of from about 20% by volumeto about 30% by volume of the solution. Additionally, anode water may bepresent in the ORP water solution in an amount of from about 50% byvolume to about 90% by volume of the solution.

As noted herein, the ORP water solution containing both anode water andcathode water can be acidic, neutral or basic, and generally has a pH offrom about 1 to about 14. Typically, the pH of the ORP water solution isfrom about 3 to about 8. Preferably, the pH is about 6.4 to about 7.8,and more preferably from about 7.4 to about 7.6.

The ORP water solution of the invention has a wide variety of uses as adisinfectant, cleanser, cleaner, antiseptic and the like to control theactivity of unwanted or harmful substances present in the environment.Substances that may be treated with the ORP water solution include, forexample, organisms and allergens.

The ORP water solution may be used as a disinfectant, sterilizationagent, decontaminant, antiseptic and/or cleanser. The ORP water solutionof the invention is suitable for use in the following representativeapplications: medical, dental and/or veterinary equipment and devices;food industry (e.g., hard surfaces, fruits, vegetables, meats);hospitals/health care facilities (e.g., hard surfaces); cosmeticindustry (e.g., skin cleaner); households (e.g., floors, counters, hardsurfaces); electronics industry (e.g., cleaning circuitry, hard drives);and bio-terrorism (e.g., anthrax, infectious microbes).

The ORP water solution may also be applied to humans and/or animals totreat various conditions including, for example, the following:surgical/open wound cleansing agent; skin pathogen disinfection (e.g.,for bacteria, mycoplasmas, virus, fungi, prions); battle wounddisinfection; wound healing promotion; burn healing promotion; treatmentof stomach ulcers; wound irrigation; skin fungi; psoriasis; athlete'sfoot; pinkeye and other eye infections; ear infections (e.g., swimmer'sear); lung/nasal/sinus infections; and other medical applications on orin the human or animal body. The use of ORP water solutions as a tissuecell growth promoter is further described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication 2002/0160053 A1.

While in no way limiting the present invention, it is believed that theORP water solution eradicates the bacteria with which it contacts aswell as destroying the bacterial cellular components including proteinsand DNA.

Organisms that can be controlled, reduced, killed or eradicated bytreatment with the ORP water solution include, but are not limited to,bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and viruses. Susceptible bacteria include, butare not limited to, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillusathrophaeus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella choleraesuis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shingella dysenteriae, and other susceptiblebacteria. Fungi and yeasts that may be treated with the ORP watersolution include, for example, Candida albicans and Trichophytonmentagrophytes. The ORP water solution may also be applied to virusesincluding, for example, adenovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),rhinovirus, influenza (e.g., influenza A), hepatitis (e.g., hepatitisA), coronavirus (responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)), rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus,varicella zoster virus, rubella virus, and other susceptible viruses.

The ORP water of the invention is also suitable for use in controllingthe activity of allergens present in the environment. As used herein,allergens include any substance other than bacteria, fungi, yeasts, orviruses, that can trigger an adverse immune response, or allergy, insusceptible people or animals. Asthma is a common physiological responsefollowing exposure to one or more allergens. Allergens may be eitherviable (i.e., from living or dead organisms) or non-viable (e.g.,non-living such as textiles), and may be present in the environment, forexample, in households and/or workplaces.

Protein-based household allergens that may be treated with the ORP waterinclude, for example, animal fur, skin, and feces, household dust,weeds, grasses, trees, mites, and pollens. Animal allergens include, forexample, cat epithelium, dog epithelium, horse dander, cow dander, dogdander, guinea pig epithelium, goose feathers, mouse epithelium, mouseurine, rat epithelium and rat urine.

Occupational allergens include, for example, high-molecular-weightagents, such as natural proteins generally derived from plant or animalproteins, and low-molecular-weight chemicals, such as diisocyanates, andother material found in some textiles. Other chemical allergens that maybe present in the workplace include, for example, anhydrides,antibiotics, wood dust and dyes. Numerous proteins may be occupationalallergens including vegetable gums, enzymes, animal proteins, insects,plant proteins, and legumes.

Additional allergens suitable for treatment by the ORP water solutionare described in Korenblat and Wedner, Allergy Theory and Practice(1992) and Middleton, Jr., Allergy Principles and Practice (1993).

The ORP water solution of the invention may be used or applied in anysuitable amount to provide the desired bactericidal, virucidal,germicidal and/or anti-allergenic effect.

The ORP water solution may be applied to disinfect and sterilize in anysuitable manner. For example, to disinfect and sterilize medical ordental equipment, the equipment is maintained in contact with the ORPwater solution for a sufficient period of time to reduce the level oforganisms present on the equipment to a desired level.

For disinfection and sterilization of hard surfaces, the ORP watersolution may be applied to the hard surface directly from a container inwhich the ORP water solution is stored. For example, the ORP watersolution may be poured, sprayed or otherwise directly applied to thehard surface. The ORP water solution may then be distributed over thehard surface using a suitable substrate such as, for example, cloth,fabric or paper towel. In hospital applications, the substrate ispreferably sterile. Alternatively, the ORP water solution may first beapplied to a substrate such as cloth, fabric or paper towel. The wettedsubstrate is then contacted with the hard surface. Alternatively, theORP water solution may be applied to hard surfaces by dispersing thesolution into the air as described herein. The ORP water solution may beapplied in a similar manner to humans and animals.

An implement may optionally be used to apply the ORP water solution tohard surfaces such as floors, walls, and ceilings. For example, the ORPwater solution may be dispensed onto a mop head for application tofloors. Other suitable implements for applying the ORP water solution tohard surfaces are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,663,306.

The invention further provides a cleaning wipe comprising a waterinsoluble substrate and the ORP water solution as described herein,wherein the ORP water solution is dispensed onto the substrate. The ORPwater solution may be impregnated, coated, covered or otherwise appliedto the substrate. Preferably, the substrate is pretreated with the ORPwater solution before distribution of the cleaning wipes to end users.

The substrate for the cleaning wipe may be any suitable water-insolubleabsorbent or adsorbent material. A wide variety of materials can be usedas the substrate. It should have sufficient wet strength, abrasivity,loft and porosity. Further, the substrate must not adversely impact thestability of the ORP water solution. Examples include non wovensubstrates, woven substrates, hydroentangled substrates and sponges.

The substrate may have one or more layers. Each layer may have the sameor different textures and abrasiveness. Differing textures can resultfrom the use of different combinations of materials or from the use ofdifferent manufacturing processes or a combination thereof. Thesubstrate should not dissolve or break apart in water. The substrateprovides the vehicle for delivering the ORP water solution to thesurface to be treated.

The substrate may be a single nonwoven sheet or multiple nonwovensheets. The nonwoven sheet may be made of wood pulp, synthetic fibers,natural fibers, and blends thereof. Suitable synthetic fibers for use inthe substrate include, without limitation, polyester, rayon, nylon,polypropylene, polyethylene, other cellulose polymers, and mixtures ofsuch fibers. The nonwovens may include nonwoven fibrous sheet materialswhich include meltblown, coform, air-laid, spun bond, wet laid,bonded-carded web materials, hydroentangled (also known as spunlaced)materials, and combinations thereof. These materials can comprisesynthetic or natural fibers or combinations thereof. A binder mayoptionally be present in the substrate.

Examples of suitable nonwoven, water insoluble substrates include 100%cellulose Wadding Grade 1804 from Little Rapids Corporation, 100%polypropylene needlepunch material NB 701-2.8-W/R from AmericanNon-wovens Corporation, a blend of cellulosic and syntheticfibres-Hydraspun 8579 from Ahlstrom Fibre Composites, and 70%Viscose/30% PES Code 9881 from PGI Nonwovens Polymer Corp. Additionalexamples of nonwoven substrates suitable for use in the cleaning wipesare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,781,974, 4,615,937, 4,666,621, and5,908,707, and International Patent Application Publications WO98/03713, WO 97/40814, and WO 96/14835.

The substrate may also be made of woven materials, such as cottonfibers, cotton/nylon blends, or other textiles. Regenerated cellulose,polyurethane foams, and the like, which are used in making sponges, mayalso be suitable for use.

The liquid loading capacity of the substrate should be at least about50%-1000% of the dry weight thereof, most preferably at least about200%-800%. This is expressed as loading ½ to 10 times the weight of thesubstrate. The weight of the substrate varies without limitation fromabout 0.01 to about 1,000 grams per square meter, most preferably 25 to120 grams/m² (referred to as “basis weight”) and typically is producedas a sheet or web which is cut, die-cut, or otherwise sized into theappropriate shape and size. The cleaning wipes will preferably have acertain wet tensile strength which is without limitation about 25 toabout 250 Newtons/m, more preferably about 75-170 Newtons/m.

The ORP water solution may be dispensed, impregnated, coated, covered orotherwise applied to the substrate by any suitable method. For example,individual portions of substrate may be treated with a discrete amountof the ORP water solution. Preferably, a mass treatment of a continuousweb of substrate material with the ORP water solution is carried out.The entire web of substrate material may be soaked in the ORP watersolution. Alternatively, as the substrate web is spooled, or even duringcreation of a nonwoven substrate, the ORP water solution is sprayed ormetered onto the web. A stack of individually cut and sized portions ofsubstrate may be impregnated or coated with the ORP water solution inits container by the manufacturer.

The cleaning wipes may optionally contain additional components toimprove the properties of the wipes. For example, the cleaning wipes mayfurther comprise polymers, surfactants, polysaccharides,polycarboxylates, polyvinyl alcohols, solvents, chelating agents,buffers, thickeners, dyes, colorants, fragrances, and mixtures thereofto improve the properties of the wipes. These optional components shouldnot adversely impact the stability of the ORP water solution. Examplesof various components that may optionally be included in the cleaningwipes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,340,663, 6,649,584 and6,624,135.

The cleaning wipes of the invention can be individually sealed with aheat-sealable or glueable thermoplastic overwrap (such as polyethylene,Mylar, and the like). The wipes can also be packaged as numerous,individual sheets for more economical dispensing. The cleaning wipes maybe prepared by first placing multiple sheets of the substrate in adispenser and then contacting the substrate sheets with the ORP watersolution of the invention. Alternatively, the cleaning wipes can beformed as a continuous web by applying the ORP water solution to thesubstrate during the manufacturing process and then loading the wettedsubstrate into a dispenser.

The dispenser includes, but is not limited to, a canister with aclosure, or a tub with closure. The closure on the dispenser is to sealthe moist wipes from the external environment and to prevent prematurevolatilization of the liquid ingredients.

The dispenser may be made of any suitable material that is compatiblewith both the substrate and the ORP water solution. For example, thedispenser may be made of plastic, such as high density polyethylene,polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET),polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or other rigid plastics.

The continuous web of wipes may be threaded through a thin opening inthe top of the dispenser, most preferably, through the closure. A meansof sizing the desired length or size of the wipe from the web would thenbe needed. A knife blade, serrated edge, or other means of cutting theweb to desired size may be provided on the top of the dispenser, fornon-limiting example, with the thin opening actually doubling in duty asa cutting edge. Alternatively, the continuous web of wipes may bescored, folded, segmented, perforated or partially cut into uniform ornon-uniform sizes or lengths, which would then obviate the need for asharp cutting edge. Further, the wipes may be interleaved, so that theremoval of one wipe advances the next.

The ORP water solution of the invention may alternatively be dispersedinto the environment through a gaseous medium, such as air. The ORPwater solution may be dispersed into the air by any suitable means. Forexample, the ORP water solution may be formed into droplets of anysuitable size and dispersed into a room.

For small scale applications, the ORP water solution may be dispensedthrough a spray bottle that includes a standpipe and pump.Alternatively, the ORP water solution may be packaged in aerosolcontainers. Aerosol containers generally include the product to bedispensed, propellant, container, and valve. The valve includes both anactuator and dip tube. The contents of the container are dispensed bypressing down on the actuator. The various components of the aerosolcontainer are compatible with the ORP water solution. Suitablepropellants may include a liquefied halocarbon, hydrocarbon, orhalocarbon-hydrocarbon blend, or a compressed gas such as carbondioxide, nitrogen, or nitrous oxide. Aerosol systems typically yielddroplets that range in size from about 0.15 μm to about 5 μm.

The ORP water solution may be dispensed in aerosol form as part of aninhaler system for treatment of infections in the lungs and/or airpassages or for the healing of wounds in such parts of the body.

For larger scale applications, any suitable device may be used todisperse the ORP water solution into the air including, but not limitedto, humidifiers, misters, foggers, vaporizers, atomizers, water sprays,and other spray devices. Such devices permit the dispensing of the ORPwater solution on a continuous basis. An ejector which directly mixesair and water in a nozzle may be employed. The ORP water solution may beconverted to steam, such as low pressure steam, and released into theair stream. Various types of humidifiers may be used such as ultrasonichumidifiers, stream humidifiers or vaporizers, and evaporativehumidifiers.

The particular device used to disperse the ORP water solution may beincorporated into a ventilation system to provide for widespreadapplication of the ORP water solution throughout an entire house orhealthcare facility (e.g., hospital, nursing home, etc.).

The ORP water solution may optionally contain a bleaching agent. Thebleaching agent may be any suitable material that lightens or whitens asubstrate. The ORP water solution containing a bleaching agent can beused in home laundering to disinfect and sterilize bacteria and germs aswell as brighten clothing. Suitable bleaching agents include, but arenot limited to, chlorine-containing bleaching agents andperoxide-containing bleaching agents. Mixtures of bleaching agents mayalso be added to the ORP water solution. Preferably, the bleaching agentis added in the form of an aqueous solution to the ORP water solution.

Chlorine-containing bleaching agents useful in the present inventioninclude chlorine, hypochlorites, N-chloro compounds, and chlorinedioxide. Preferably, the chlorine-containing bleaching agent added tothe ORP water solution is sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid.Other suitable chlorine-containing bleaching agents include chlorine,calcium hypochlorite, bleach liquor (e.g., aqueous solution of calciumhypochlorite and calcium chloride), bleaching powder (e.g., mixture ofcalcium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, and hydratesthereof), dibasic magnesium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite,chlorinated trisodium phosphate. Mixtures of chlorine-containingbleaching agents may be used.

The addition of a bleaching agent to the ORP water solution may becarried out in any suitable manner. Preferably, an aqueous solutioncontaining the bleaching agent is first prepared. The aqueous solutioncontaining the bleaching agent may be prepared using household bleach(e.g., Clorox® bleach) or other suitable source of chlorine-containingbleaching agent or other bleaching agent. The bleaching agent solutionis then combined with the ORP water solution.

The bleaching agent may be added to the ORP water solution in anysuitable amount. Preferably, the ORP water solution containing ableaching agent is non-irritating to human or animal skin. Preferably,the total chloride ion content of the ORP water solution containing achlorine-containing bleaching agent is from about 1000 ppm to about 5000ppm, and preferably from about 1000 ppm to about 3000 ppm. The pH of theORP water solution containing a chlorine-containing bleaching agent ispreferably from about 8 to about 10, and the oxidative-reductivepotential is from about +700 mV to about +800 mV.

The ORP water solution may optionally contain additives suitable for thehousehold and workplace cleaning environment. Suitable additives includesurfactants, such as detergents and cleaning agents. Perfumes or otherscent-producing compounds may also be included to enhance consumerreception of the ORP water solution.

The present invention further provides a process for producing an ORPwater solution using at least one electrolysis cell comprising an anodechamber, cathode chamber and salt solution chamber located between theanode and cathode chambers, wherein the ORP water solution comprisesanode water and cathode water. A diagram of a typical three chamberelectrolysis cell useful in the invention is shown in FIG. 1.

The electrolysis cell 100 has an anode chamber 102, cathode chamber 104and salt solution chamber 106. The salt solution chamber is locatedbetween the anode chamber 102 and cathode chamber 104. The anode chamber102 has an inlet 108 and outlet 110 to permit the flow of water throughthe anode chamber 100. The cathode chamber 104 similarly has an inlet112 and outlet 114 to permit the flow of water through the cathodechamber 104. The salt solution chamber 106 has an inlet 116 and outlet118. The electrolysis cell 100 preferably includes a housing to hold allof the components together.

The anode chamber 102 is separated from the salt solution chamber by ananode electrode 120 and an anion ion exchange membrane 122. The anodeelectrode 120 may be positioned adjacent to the anode chamber 102 withthe membrane 122 located between the anode electrode 120 and the saltsolution chamber 106. Alternatively, the membrane 122 may be positionedadjacent to the anode chamber 102 with the anode electrode 120 locatedbetween the membrane 122 and the salt solution chamber 106.

The cathode chamber 104 is separated from the salt solution chamber by acathode electrode 124 and a cathode ion exchange membrane 126. Thecathode electrode 124 may be positioned adjacent to the cathode chamber104 with the membrane 126 located between the cathode electrode 124 andthe salt solution chamber 106. Alternatively, the membrane 126 may bepositioned adjacent to the cathode chamber 104 with the cathodeelectrode 124 located between the membrane 126 and the salt solutionchamber 106.

The electrodes are generally constructed of metal to permit a voltagepotential to be applied between the anode chamber and cathode chamber.The metal electrodes are generally planar and have similar dimensionsand cross-sectional surface area to that of the ion exchange membranes.The electrodes are configured to expose a substantial portion of thesurface of the ion exchange members to the water in their respectiveanode chamber and cathode chamber. This permits the migration of ionicspecies between the salt solution chamber, anode chamber and cathodechamber. Preferably, the electrodes have a plurality of passages orapertures evenly spaced across the surface of the electrodes.

A source of electrical potential is connected to the anode electrode 120and cathode electrode 124 so as to induce an oxidation reaction in theanode chamber 102 and a reduction reaction in the cathode chamber 104.

The ion exchange membranes 122 and 126 used in the electrolysis cell 100may be constructed of any suitable material to permit the exchange ofions between the salt solution chamber 106 and the anode chamber 102such as chloride ions (Cl⁻) and between the salt solution salt solutionchamber 106 and the cathode chamber 104 such as sodium ions (Na⁺). Theanode ion exchange membrane 122 and cathode ion exchange membrane 126may be made of the same or different material of construction.Preferably, the anode ion exchange membrane comprises a fluorinatedpolymer. Suitable fluorinated polymers include, for example,perfluorosulfonic acid polymers and copolymers such as perfluorosulfonicacid/PTFE copolymers and perfluorosulfonic acid/TFE copolymers. The ionexchange membrane may be constructed of a single layer of material ormultiple layers.

The source of the water for the anode chamber 102 and cathode chamber104 of the electrolysis cell 100 may be any suitable water supply. Thewater may be from a municipal water supply or alternatively pretreatedprior to use in the electrolysis cell. Preferably, the pretreated wateris selected from the group consisting of softened water, purified water,distilled water, and deionized water. More preferably, the pretreatedwater source is ultrapure water obtained using reverse osmosispurification equipment.

The salt water solution for use in the salt water chamber 106 may be anyaqueous salt solution that contains suitable ionic species to producethe ORP water solution. Preferably, the salt water solution is anaqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) salt solution, also commonly referred toas a saline solution. Other suitable salt solutions include otherchloride salts such as potassium chloride, ammonium chloride andmagnesium chloride as well as other halogen salts such as potassium andbromine salts. The salt solution may contain a mixture of salts.

The salt solution may have any suitable concentration. The salt solutionmay be saturated or concentrated. Preferably, the salt solution is asaturated sodium chloride solution.

The various ionic species produced in the three chambered electrolysiscell useful in the invention are illustrated in FIG. 2. The threechambered electrolysis cell 200 includes an anode chamber 202, cathodechamber 204, and a salt solution chamber 206. Upon application of asuitable electrical current to the anode 208 and cathode 210, the ionspresent in the salt solution flowing through the salt solution chamber206 migrate through the anode ion exchange membrane 212 and cathode ionexchange membrane 214 into the water flowing through the anode chamber202 and cathode chamber 204, respectively.

Positive ions migrate from the salt solution 216 flowing through thesalt solution chamber 206 to the cathode water 218 flowing through thecathode chamber 204. Negative ions migrate from the salt solution 216flowing through the salt solution chamber 206 to the anode water 220flowing through the anode chamber 202.

Preferably, the salt solution 216 is aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) thatcontains both sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻) ions. PositiveNa⁺ ions migrate from the salt solution 216 to the cathode water 218.Negative Cl⁻ ions migrate from the salt solution 216 to the anode water220.

The sodium ions and chloride ions may undergo further reaction in theanode chamber 202 and cathode chamber 204. For example, chloride ionscan react with various oxygen ions and other species (e.g., oxygen freeradicals, O₂, O₃) present in the anode water 220 to produce ClOn− andClO⁻. Other reactions may also take place in the anode chamber 202including the formation of oxygen free radicals, hydrogen ions (H⁺),oxygen (as O₂), ozone (O₃), and peroxides. In the cathode chamber 204,hydrogen gas (H₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydroxide ions (OH⁻), ClOn−ions, and other radicals may be formed.

The invention further provides for a process and apparatus for producingan ORP water solution using at least two three chambered electrolysiscells. A diagram of a process for producing an ORP water solution usingtwo electrolysis cells of the invention is shown in FIG. 3.

The process 300 includes two three-chambered electrolytic cells,specifically a first electrolytic cell 302 and second electrolytic cell304. Water is transferred, pumped or otherwise dispensed from the watersource 305 to anode chamber 306 and cathode chamber 308 of the firstelectrolytic cell 302 and to anode chamber 310 and cathode chamber 312of the second electrolytic cell 304. Typically, the process of theinvention can produce from about 1 liter/minute to about 50liters/minute of ORP water solution. The production capacity may beincreased by using additional electrolytic cells. For example, three,four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more three-chamberedelectrolytic cells may be used to in increase the output of the ORPwater solution of the invention.

The anode water produced in the anode chamber 306 and anode chamber 310is collected are collected in the mixing tank 314. A portion of thecathode water produced in the cathode chamber 308 and cathode chamber312 is collected in mixing tank 314 and combined with the anode water.The remaining portion of cathode water produced in the process isdiscarded. The cathode water may optionally be subjected to gasseparator 316 and/or gas separator 318 prior to addition to the mixingtank 314. The gas separators remove gases such as hydrogen gas that areformed in cathode water during the production process.

The mixing tank 314 may optionally be connected to a recirculation pump315 to permit homogenous mixing of the anode water and portion ofcathode water from electrolysis cells 302 and 304. Further, the mixingtank 314 may optionally include suitable devices for monitoring thelevel and pH of the ORP water solution. The ORP water solution may betransferred from the mixing tank 314 via pump 317 for application indisinfection or sterilization at or near the location of the mixingtank. Alternatively, the ORP water solution may be dispensed intosuitable containers for shipment to a remote site (e.g., warehouse,hospital, etc.).

The process 300 further includes a salt solution recirculation system toprovide the salt solution to salt solution chamber 322 of the firstelectrolytic cell 302 and the salt solution chamber 324 of the secondelectrolytic cell 304. The salt solution is prepared in the salt tank320. The salt is transferred via pump 321 to the salt solution chambers322 and 324. Preferably, the salt solution flows in series through saltsolution chamber 322 first followed by salt solution chamber 324.Alternatively, the salt solution may be pumped to both salt solutionchambers simultaneously.

Before returning to the salt tank 320, the salt solution may flowthrough a heat exchanger 326 in the mixing tank 314 to control thetemperature of the ORP water solution as needed.

The ions present in the salt solution are depleted over time in thefirst electrolytic cell 302 and second electrolytic cell 304. Anadditional source of ions may periodically be added to the mixing tank320 to replace the ions that are transferred to the anode water andcathode water. The additional source of ions may be used to maintain aconstant pH of the salt solution which tends to drop (i.e., becomeacidic) over time. The source of additional ions may be any suitablecompound including, for example, salts such as sodium chloride.Preferably, sodium hydroxide is added to the mixing tank 320 to replacethe sodium ions (Na⁺) that are transferred to the anode water andcathode water.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an apparatus for producingan oxidative reductive potential water solution comprising at least twothree-chambered electrolytic cells. Each of the electrolytic cellsincludes an anode chamber, cathode chamber, and salt solution chamberseparating the anode and cathode chambers. The apparatus includes amixing tank for collecting the anode water produced by the electrolyticcells and a portion of the cathode water produced by one or more of theelectrolytic cells. Preferably, the apparatus further includes a saltrecirculation system to permit recycling of the salt solution suppliedto the salt solution chambers of the electrolytic cells.

The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course,should not be construed as in any way limiting in its scope.

Examples 1-3

These examples demonstrate the unique features of the ORP water solutionof the invention. The samples of the ORP water solution in Examples 1-3were analyzed in accordance with the methods described herein todetermine the physical properties and levels of ionic and other chemicalspecies present in each sample. The pH, oxidative-reductive potential(ORP) and ionic species present are set forth in Table 1 for each sampleof the ORP water solution.

TABLE 1 Physical characteristics and ion species present for the ORPwater solution samples EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 pH 7.45 7.44 7.45ORP (mV) +879 +881 +874 Total Cl⁻ (ppm) 110 110 120 Bound Cl⁻ (ppm) 5 66 Cl Dioxide (ppm) 1.51 1.49 1.58 Ozone 0.12 0.10 0.12 Hydrogen Peroxide42.5 43.0 42.0

As demonstrated by these results, the present invention provides a ORPwater solution having suitable physical characteristics for use indisinfection, sterilization and/or cleaning.

Examples 4-10

These examples demonstrate the addition of a bleaching agent to the ORPwater solution according to the invention in various amounts. Inparticular, these examples demonstrate the antimicrobial activity andfabric bleaching ability of the compositions.

A 10% Clorox® bleach solution was prepared using distilled water. Thefollowing solutions were then prepared using the 10% bleach solution:80% ORP water solution/20% bleach (Example 4); 60% ORP watersolution/40% bleach (Example 5); 40% ORP water solution/60% bleach(Example 6); 20% ORP water solution/80% bleach (Example 7); and 0% ORPwater solution/100% bleach (Example 8). Two control solutions were alsoused for comparison including 100% ORP water solution/0% bleach (Example9) and an ORP water solution with 0.01% Tween 20 detergent (Example 10).The physical characteristics of these samples were determined,specifically pH, oxidative-reductive potential (ORP), total chlorine(Cl⁻) content, hypochlorous acid (HClO⁻) content, chlorine dioxidecontent and peroxide content, and are set forth in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Physical characteristics of ORP water solution/bleachcompositions Total Cl⁻ HClO⁻ Cl Dioxide Peroxide pH ORP (ppm) (ppm)(ppm) (ppm) Ex. 4 8.92 +789 1248 62 n.d. n.d. Ex. 5 9.20 +782 2610 104 n.d. n.d. Ex. 6 9.69 +743 4006 80 n.d. n.d. Ex. 7 9.86 +730 4800 48 n.d.n.d. Ex. 8 9.80 +737 5000 50 n.d. n.d. Ex. 9 7.06 +901  64 32 2.8 35 Ex.10 6.86 +914  51 26 2.7 35

The large bolus of chlorine ions added as part of the bleaching agentprevented the accurate measurement of the chlorine dioxide and peroxidelevels as indicated with the n.d. designations. As these examplesdemonstrate, the hypochlorous acid levels of the ORP water solution withand without the addition of a bleaching agent are similar.

The samples of Examples 4-10 were subjected to a high spore count testusing Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores (ATCC #9372 obtained from SPSMedical of Rush, N.Y.). Spore suspensions were concentrated (byevaporation in a sterile hood) to 4×10⁶ spores per 100 microliters. A100 microliter sample of the spore suspension were mixed with 900microliters of each of the samples in Examples 4-10. The samples wereincubated at room temperature for periods of 1 to 5 minutes as set forthin Table 3. At the indicated times, 100 microliters of the incubatedsamples were plated onto individual TSA plates and incubated for 24hours at 35° C.±2° C., after which the number of resulting colonies oneach plate was determined. The control plates demonstrated that thestarting spore concentrations were >1×10⁶ spores/i 00 microliters. Theconcentration of Bacillus spores for the various samples at the variousincubation times (as the average of two determinations) is set forth inTable 3.

TABLE 3 Bacillus spore concentrations 1 minute 2 minutes 3 minutes 4minutes 5 minutes Ex. 4 >>1000   411   1 0 2 Ex. 5 >>1000  1000   1 0 0Ex. 6 >>1000 >>1000 >1000 22  0 Ex. 7 >>1000 >>1000 >1000 15  0 Ex.8 >>1000 >>1000 >1000 3 1 Ex. 9 >>1000   74   0 0 0 Ex. 10 >>1000   239  3 0 0

As these results demonstrate, as the concentration of bleach (as 10%aqueous bleach solution) increases, the amount of Bacillus spores killedis reduced for the samples incubated for 2-3 minutes. However, forsamples incubated for 5 minutes, the bleach concentration does notimpact Bacillus spore kill. Further, the results demonstrate that theaddition of 0.01% detergent to the ORP water solution does not reducespore kill.

The samples of Examples 4-10 were subjected to a fabric bleaching test.The fabric upon which the samples were tested was a 100% rayonchildren's t-shirt with dark blue dye patches. Two inch square pieces ofdyed fabric were placed into 50 mL plastic tubes. Each fabric piece wascovered by a sample of the solution in Examples 4-10. The elapsed timeuntil complete bleaching was obtained, as determined by the whitening ofthe fabric, is set forth in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Time until complete bleaching of fabric sample Example Time Ex.4 39 minutes Ex. 5 23 minutes Ex. 6 18 minutes Ex. 7 19 minutes Ex. 8 10minutes Ex. 9 >6 hours Ex. 10 >6 hours

As demonstrated by these examples, as the concentration of the ORP watersolution increases in the composition, the time until complete bleachingis achieved increases.

Example 11

This example relates to the toxicological profile of on an ORP watersolution of the present invention. Microcyn 60 (or M60), an exemplaryORP water solution of the present invention, was used in these studies.

In terms of safety, M60 was not an irritant to the skin or conjuctiva ofrabbits as tested in compliance with international standards (AAMI 1997;NV SOP 16G-44; PFEUM 2000). Furthermore, an acute inhalation toxicitystudy in rats demonstrated that administration of Microcyn 60 by thisroute is safe.

The potential irritant effects of Microcyn 60 were evaluated in aprimary ocular irritation study in rabbits. A volume of 0.1 mL ofMicrocyn 60 was instilled in the right eye of three New Zealand whiterabbits. The left eye of each animal was left untreated as a control.The eyes were observed and scored at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours for cornealulceration or opacity, inflammation of the iris, and redness or chemosisof the conjunctiva. All animals were also observed once daily formortality and signs of ill health.

No signs of ocular irritation were observed in any of the treated orcontrol eyes at any time during the study. All animals appearedclinically healthy for the duration of the study. These findingsindicate that Microcyn 60 does not cause a positive irritation response.

An acute inhalation toxicity study was also performed in rats todetermine the potential inhalation toxicity of Microcyn 60. TenSprauge-Dawley albino rats were exposed to an aerosol generated fromundiluted Microcyn 60 for 4 hours. The concentration of the Microcyn 60was determined to be 2.16 mg/L. All animals were observed frequently onthe day of exposure and once daily for 14 days thereafter for mortalityand clinical/behavioral signs of toxicity. All animals were euthanizedon Day 14 and gross necropsies were performed.

All animals showed very slight to slight piloerection and very slightdecreased activity at 4½ and 6 hours after exposure began but wereasymptomatic by the following day and appeared clinically normal for theduration of the study. One male failed to gain weight between Day 0 andDay 7. There was no mortality and the gross necropsies revealed noobservable abnormalities. The estimated acute inhalation LD50 from thisstudy is greater than 2.16 mg/L.

Additional toxicological studies were performed in the rabbit. Aerosolsuperoxidized water (1 mL) will be delivered to the right nostril via apositive-pressure device to 20 New Zeland rabbits, three times a day for15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The left-control nostril will be left withoutany treatment. Nasomucosa biopsies from the non treated- and M60treated-nostrils will be obtained from five animals at each time point.These tissues will then be observed under optical and electronmicroscopy. A complete medical exam will be conducted in each animalevery other day to document nasal obstruction, facial pain, pressure,mucopurulent rhinorrhea, and malaise. Side effects will be reported asinfrequent, mild, and transient.

Changes to the nasal mucosa appeared after applying intranasal M60 for60 days. There was mild destruction of the epithelia, discreteinflammatory infiltration of the subepithelia region and hyperplasia ofglands and blood vessels in all samples on day 60. Under ultrastructralobservation, we found that varying cyst-like changes within epithelialcells appeared; the mitochondria were condensed and deformed and part ofthe membrane was dissolved. Some epithelial cells were detached;epithelial cilia almost disappeared, and its membrane was dissolved andintercellular spaces were widened. Some cells had detached from thebasement membrane. The tunica propria was mildly edematous.

This study demonstrates that M60 can mildly irritate the nasal mucosaafter intranasal administration for sixty days. However, this damage wasminimum and reversible, so the intranasal route of M60 administrationcould be considered safe. This is based on the fact that although thenasal mucosa can be seriously injured after applying vasoconstrictorsfor several years, it is still restored to normal after stopping thesedrugs. This is possible due to the process of regeneration in the nasalmucosa that depends on whether the basal cells and basement membraneremain intact after injury. Neighboring basal cells can move to thelesion along the basement membrane and cover the lesion. Therefore, evenin the presence of mild detachment of the epithelial cells in someregions after M60 treatment, the basement membrane survived, and thesurviving epithelial cells near the pathological region grew toward theregion lacking the epithelia. Furthermore, topical steroids could havealso been applied to promote recovery of the structure and function ofthe nasal mucosa.

In conclusion, M60 intranasal administration for five days was safe inthis cohort. Pathological mucosa changes were mild and reversible.Therefore, the intranasal administration of M60 could be widely used.

Example 12

This example describes the reduced blood loss experienced in oral andmaxillofacial procedures when using ORP water or ORP water in gel form.

A comparative study of 60 patients was conducted—56 were oral surgerypatients and 4 underwent major maxillofacial procedures. The two studygroups consisted of Group A—treated with comprehensive care,conventional disinfectants and antibiotics—and Group B—treated withcomprehensive care and ORP water without antibiotics. The test data issummarized it Table 5.

TABLE 5 Group A Group B End Points (control) (ORP water) Blood loss (cc)900-1200 500-600 Alveolitis with Antibiotics (% patients) 3.4% 0Alveolitis without Antibiotics (% patients)  34% 0 Post-operativeinfections (% patients) 2.8% 0

This study indicates that Group B (treated with ORP water) had anabsence of infection and alveolitis, and fewer post-operative infectionsand reduced blood loss compared to the control group.

Example 13

This example illustrates a clinical study, which can be used todetermine the effectiveness of an ORP water solution of the presentinvention for treating pharyngitis.

One such ORP water solution for use in this study is known as“Estericide,” recently introduced on the Mexican market as anantiseptic. Estericide is a superoxidized solution of neutral pH withgermicidal, sterilizing and wound antiseptic activity in accordance withcertifications obtained from the Secretariat of Health of Mexico.Estericide is prepared from pure water and salt (NaCl), has a smallconcentration of sodium (<55 ppm) and chlorine (<80 ppm), a pH in therange of 7.2 to 7.8, and oxidation-reduction potential in the range of840 mV to 960 mV. Estericide is produced in one concentration only, andneed not be activated or diluted.

This solution is produced from water obtained by reverse osmosis, whichis then subjected to an electrochemical gradient generated by highvoltage and sodium chloride. In this way, the reactive species that formin the multiple chambers where the electrochemical gradient is generatedare selected in a controlled way to create Estericide. The result is asolution with a controlled content of free radicals that confer a highoxidation-reduction potential (+840 mV to +960 mV) and consequently highantimicrobial activity.

Hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite are the most abundant elementscontained in Estericide, with others in minor concentration, such ashydrogen peroxide, ozone, chloride ions, hydride and sodium hydroxide,among others. Although applicants do not wish to be bound by aparticular theory, it is believed that the disinfectant effect does notnecessarily depend on the quantity of chlorine, but rather, in thecontent of free radicals, since the levels of sodium and chlorine inEstericide are less than 50 and 60 parts per million, respectively.Also, and in contrast to other superoxidized solutions that have beenreported in the literature, Estericide has a neutral pH (6.4-7.8), isnot corrosive and is stable in storage up to 2 years. All thesecharacteristics have made it possible to produce a superoxidizedsolution that is effective as a high-level disinfectant and compatiblefor use both on inanimate surfaces and in tissues.

Accelerated stability tests have demonstrated that Estericide can bestored in widely varying temperature conditions, from 4 to 65° C.,without losing its disinfectant activity for a period of 2 years. Thisproperty of prolonged stability on the shelf is also the difference fromsuperoxidized solutions reported previously that are only effective ifthey are used immediately after being produced. In other words, whileEstericide can be stored and distributed even in extreme conditionswithout losing its antimicrobial activity, other solutions would have tobe produced by a specialized and costly machine in every hospital thattried to use that solution. Nevertheless, the manufacturer recommendsthat, once the container of Estericide is opened, it be used within 30days for the purpose of guaranteeing uniform activity and consistentresults.

Because Estericide is produced in only one concentration, the dose ofEstericide can be changed only by changes in the volume applied per unitarea of the skin. In the toxicological studies, the doses of Estericideapplied topically to the intact skin varied between 0.05 and 0.07mL/cm²; in the study of acute dermatological toxicity and in theinvestigation of skin irritation, they were up to 8.0 mL/cm², and inthose that investigated its application in deep wounds, Estericide wasapplied in a dose of 0.09 mL/cm².

Toxicological studies were carried out that applied Estericide tonicallyto the intact skin, using a single application with exposure of 4 to 24h. Multiple applications of Estericide, one or two times a day, during aperiod of 7 days were assessed for deep wounds in rats.

Two studies were carried out on the intact skin of rabbits to evaluatethe effect of Estericide as to acute irritation and dermal toxicity. Noclinical signs, dermal irritation, or abnormalities in the skin atautopsy were found in any of the animals exposed to Estericide.

The characterization of local and systemic toxicity from topicallyapplied Estericide to a deep wound was evaluated in rats. Noabnormalities, significant differences in the parameters of the bloodchemistry or hematic cytology were observed, nor anomalies in theautopsies. The skin irritation gradings and the histopathology of thewounds and the tissues around the place of application did not revealany difference between the wounds treated with Estericide and those ofthe control group treated with saline solution.

The systemic toxicity of Estericide was also evaluated by means of anintraperitoneal injection in mice. For this, five mice were injectedwith a single dose (50 mL/kg) of Estericide by the intraperitonealroute. In the same way, five control mice were injected with a singledose (50 mL/kg) of saline solution (sodium chloride at 0.9%). In thisinvestigation, neither mortality nor any evidence of systemic toxicitywas observed in any of the animals that received the singleintraperitoneal dose of Estericide, for which the LD₅₀ is above 50mL/kg.

Estericide was administered by the oral route to rats to allow itsabsorption and to characterize any inherent toxic effect of the product.For this a single dose (4.98 mL/kg) was administered by esophageal tubeto three albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. There was nomortality, nor were there clinical signs or abnormalities in theautopsies of any of the animals exposed to the single oral dose ofEstericide.

The potential of topically applied Estericide for ocular irritation wasalso evaluated in rabbits. Ocular irritation was not observed nor anyother clinical sign in any animal exposed to Estericide by topicaladministration through the ocular route.

Estericide was applied by the inhalatory route to rats to determinepotential acute toxicity by inhalation. All the animals showed a veryslight or slight reduction in activity and piloerection after theexposure, but they were all asymptomatic on the following day. Mortalityor abnormalities were not observed at autopsy of the animals exposed toEstericide by inhalation.

Evaluation of the potential for sensitization of the skin withEstericide was carried out in guinea pigs using a modified occlusionpatch method (Buehler). Irritation was not observed in the animals ofthe control group after a simple treatment challenge, nor in the animalsevaluated (treated by induction) after challenge with the treatment.Therefore, Estericide does not provoke a sensitizing reaction.

Thus, when it has been applied to the intact skin, deep open dermalwounds, in the conjunctival sac, by oral and inhalation routes or bymeans of intraperitoneal injection, Estericide has not shown adverseeffects related to the product. There is also experience in havingtreated more than 500 patients with wounds of very diverse nature in theskin and mucosae, with excellent antiseptic and cosmetic results.Accordingly, topically applied Estericide should be effective andwell-tolerated in this clinical trial.

Estericide is packaged in transparent 240 mL PET bottles. This productis stored at ambient temperature and remains stable for up to 2 years onthe shelf if the bottle is not opened. On having been opened, it isrecommended that all of the product be used in less than 90 days. Fromits profile of high biological safety, Estericide can be emptied intothe sink without risk of contamination or corrosion.

Multiple microbial trials have been run with Estericide, both in theUnited States and in Mexico. Eradication of more than 90% of thebacteria occurs in the first few seconds of exposure. The antibacterialand antimycotic activity that Estericide exhibits in accordance withthis standard is summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Time of action Bacterium Catalog (reduction below 99.999%) Ps.aeruginosa ATCC 25619 1 min St. aureus ATCC 6538 1 min E. coli ATCC11229 1 min S. typhi CDC 99 1 min C. albicans ATCC 1 min B. subtilis9372 Low spore (10⁴) 10 min  High spore (10⁶) 15 min 

The sporicidal activity trial was carried out in accordance with thePAHO [Pan-American Health Organization]/WHO protocol.

As for the virucidal activity, Estericide was found to reduce the viralload of human immunodeficiency virus (strain SF33) by more than 3 logsin five minutes. This was verified by the absence of cytopathic effectand of the antigen Agp24 in the trials of virus treated with Estericide.These trials were undertaken in accordance with the virucide protocolsof the United States Environmental Protection Agency (DIS/TSS-7/Nov. 12,1981).

The virucidal activity of Estericide has recently been confirmed instudies carried out in the United States against HIV and polio virus,and its activity against Listeria monocytogenes, MRSA and Mycobacteriumtuberculosis has also been documented. Thus, it has been demonstratedthat Estericide, when it is administered as recommended, can eradicatebacteria, fungi, viruses and spores from one to fifteen minutes ofexposure.

In this clinical study, 40 patients with acute pharyngitis/tonsillitiscaused by group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus and who have not receivedtreatment are recruited. The inclusion criteria are as follows: age 12to 40 years and two or more of the following symptoms: oropharyngealburning; pain on swallowing; pharyngeal erythema or of the tonsils (withor without exudate); cervical lymphadenopathy; and positive immunoassayfor group A Streptococcus antigen (StrepA Test-Abbott Labs). Theexclusion criteria are as follows: fever >38° C.; bronchospasm (excludedby the clinic); severe cough; sinusitis-rhinitis (excluded by theclinic); esophageal reflux (excluded by the clinic); use of antibioticsin the two weeks prior to the study; patients who have taken part inanother clinical study in the last 8 weeks; rheumatic fever;poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; severe chronic cardiopathy; severerenal, hepatic or pulmonary insufficiencies; and pregnancy or lactation.

At the beginning of the study, patients may use such concomitantmedicines as antipyretics and analgesics, including paracetamol andacetylsalicylics but not anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen, Mesulid,COX-2 inhibitors, or steroids. Written informed consent must be obtainedbefore the patient submits to any specific procedure of the study.

The patients are evaluated in three visits. In the first visit, thepatient clinically presents acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and theclinical history is taken, and a medical examination, rapid immunoassayfor Streptococcus, and taking of a pharyngeal exudate is carried out.After being declared eligible and after having signed the letter ofinformed consent, the patient is prescribed two oropharyngeal cleansingsof 30 sec and 5 mL Estericide each. These rinsings are done every 3 hfor a total of four times a day for 3 days.

The second is made 72 h after having been treated with Estericide. Inthe second visit, the clinical evolution and side effects of Estericideare evaluated. A new pharyngeal exudate is taken, and it will bedecided, in accordance with the clinical evolution, if the continuingtreatment will be with antibiotics or a palliative. A third visit isdone after 10 days to discharge the patient.

To be eligible and clinically evaluated in this study, each patient mustpresent A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pharyngitis/tonsillitis confirmed byculture. All the patients must comply with 18 rinsings of 30 sec and 5mL of Estericide each, or a maximum of 24 rinsings in the space of 72 h.

The primary parameter of efficacy is a reduction by 3 orders ofmagnitude in the bacterial load of the initial culture compared to theculture taken after the administration of Estericide. Thisbacteriological evaluation is realized 72 h after treatment withEstericide. Secondary parameters of efficacy are the improvementreported clinically, with particular emphasis on the reduction ofpharyngeal pain and dysphagia. Clinical symptoms are reported in visits1, 2 and 3.

Tolerance is evaluated by reports of adverse events. An adverse event isdefined as any symptomatic declaration of the patient who submits to thetreatment with Estericide, related or not to the antiseptic, thatappears in the course of the treatment.

The results of bacteriological efficacy (the principal criterion ofefficacy) are issued by a bacteriologist independently of the clinicalsymptoms. The tests for the group A Streptococcus antigen and theinitial pharyngeal exudate culture are done in the first visit (Visit1), in accordance with the Schedule of Evaluations and before theadministration of Estericide. The second taking and culture ofpharyngeal exudate is carried out 72 h after the administration ofEstericide (Visit 2). An antibiogram is done on all the cultures todetermine the bacterial resistance to penicillin, erythroriycin,clarithromycin and lincomycin by means of the standard diffusion disctest. Bacteriological efficacy is defined as the reduction by threeorders of magnitude of the bacterial count between the initial cultureand the culture taken 72 h after administering Estericide.

Bacteriological failure is indicated by a reduction of less than threeorders of magnitude of the bacterial count in the culture at 72 hposttreatment. Indeterminate responses are documented in those cases inwhich the transport of the sample has been delayed for more than 48 h,in those cases in which the swab has not been immersed in the transportmedium, or in those cases in which the sample has been lost. These casesare outside the analysis of the study and are replaced by new casesuntil those of forty eligible patients have been completed.

The follow-up and reporting phase begins when the patient finishes theadministration of Estericide, and from the second visit. In thisevaluation, according to the clinical evolution and the presence ofpossible adverse effects, the patients are categorized as follows:

Therapeutic failures if their initial signs and symptoms have not beeneliminated or if there is worsening of their general condition withsystemic symptoms. In these cases an oral antibiotic is prescribed, suchas procaine penicillin, clarithromycin or azithromycin at the dose andfor the time that the treating doctor indicates, and they are evaluatedin one week.

Clinically cured if the symptoms and signs that were present in Visit 1have been eliminated. In these cases in which the acute process isresolved, the patient is discharged and reported as clinically cured. Inany case, the patient is asked to return for a third check-up visit inone week.

Indeterminate evolution. The evolution of any patient who could not havebeen evaluated clinically for any good reason; for example, acoinfection, or if the evaluation was done very late, later than 72 h.In these cases, the patients is still able to be included in theanalysis of the study provided it is possible to document the result ofthe pharyngeal exudate and culture at 72 h.

The statistical analysis used in this clinical study takes into accountall the patients who have received at least 18 rinsings of Estericide of30 sec each in a period of 72 h. This same criterion is considered toinclude any patient in the analysis of tolerance. The principalcriterion for analysis of efficacy is the reduction of the bacterialcount of β-hemolytic Streptococcus by three orders of magnitude in theculture carried out at 72 h posttreatment with Estericide. Thestatistical analysis is realized by means of a Wilcoxon paired samplestest. Statistical analysis of the clinical variables is realized usingthe ANOVA test for quantitative variables. The minimal evaluable numberof patients is 30 patients.

An adverse event is any contrary medical occurrence in a patient orsubject of clinical investigation to whom a pharmaceutical product isadministered and that does not necessarily have a causal relationshipwith that medicine. An adverse event can, therefore, be any unfavorableand unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptomor illness temporarily associated with the use of a medical product,whether it is considered to be related to this use or not. Preexistingconditions that deteriorate during a study are reported as adverseevents.

The treatment is suspended at any time during the 72 h of duration incase of adverse events that are moderate to severe in intensity.Subsequent treatment is determined by the treating doctor. In accordancewith this example, the effectiveness of an ORP water solution of thepresent invention for treating sinusitis is thus demonstrated.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing”are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, butnot limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of valuesherein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referringindividually to each separate value falling within the range, unlessotherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated intothe specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methodsdescribed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwiseindicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The useof any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the inventionand does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unlessotherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construedas indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice ofthe invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention.Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Theinventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations asappropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisinvention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an infection caused bybacteria in a patient, the method comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of an oxidative reductivepotential water solution, wherein the solution is stable for at leasttwo months and wherein the bacteria is selected from the groupconsisting of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andStaphylococcus, wherein the solution has a pH of from 7.4 to 7.6,wherein the solution comprises anode water and cathode water, whereinthe solution contains a total amount of free chlorine species from 50ppm to 80 ppm, wherein the free chlorine species is selected from thegroup consisting of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ions, sodiumhypochlorite, chlorite ions, chloride ions, chlorine dioxide, dissolvedchlorine gas, and mixtures thereof, wherein the free chlorine speciescomprises from 15 ppm to 35 ppm hypochlorous acid and from 25 ppm to 50ppm sodium hypochlorite, and wherein the solution comprises chlorinedioxide in an amount of from about 0.01 ppm to about 5 ppm.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the solution is stable for at least one year.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises cathode waterin an amount of from about 10% to about 50% by volume of the solution.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises cathode waterin an amount of from about 20% to about 40% by volume of the solution.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises anode water inan amount of from about 50% to about 90% by volume of the solution.